- HUMAN NEEDS -

SIMILARITY: Humans need a number of essentials to survive. According to the renowned psychologist Abraham Maslow and the conflict scholar John Burton, these essentials go beyond just food, water, and shelter. They include both physical and non-physical elements needed for human growth and development, as well as all those things humans are innately driven to attain.

DIFFERENCE:

• Abraham Maslow's Theory: 

There are five different levels in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs:

1. Physiological Needs: These include the basic needs of human such as eating, drinking, sleeping, breathing air, the needs that make people feel comfortable, ... these are basic and most powerful needs of human.
2. Security Needs: Security needs are usually confirmed by the desire for stability in life, to live in the security area, in social laws, have a house to stay, ... Many people look for the sheltered by religious beliefs, philosophical as well as the needs for safety, these are for emotional security.
3. Social Needs: These include needs for belonging, love, and affection. Relationships such as friendships, romantic attachments, and families help fulfill this need for companionship and acceptance, as does involvement in social, community, or religious groups.
4. Esteem Needs: These include the need for things that reflect on self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition, and accomplishment.
5. Self-actualizing Needs: Self-actualizing people are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others, and interested fulfilling their potential.

For Maslow, needs are hierarchical in nature. Maslow's needs pyramid starts with the basic items of food, water, and shelter. These are followed by the need for safety and security, then belonging or love, self-esteem, and finally, personal fulfillment.

• John W. Burton's Theory: 

There are nine different levels in Burton's theory:

1. Distributive Justice
2. Safety/Security
3. Belongingness
4. Self-esteem
5. Personal Fulfillment
6. Identity:
7. Cultural Security: the need for recognition of one's language, traditions, religion, cultural values, ideas, and concepts.
8. Freedom: having no physical, political, or civil restraints; having the capacity to exercise choice in all aspects of one's life.
9. Participation: to be able to actively partake in and influence civil society.

Burton and other needs theorists who have adopted Maslow's ideas to conflict theory, however, perceive human needs in a different way, as an emergent collection of human development essentials. Furthermore, they contend needs do not have a hierarchical order. Rather, needs are sought simultaneously in an intense and relentless manner. 

Source of Information: Hierarchy of Needs

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